An industry roundtable to identify research priorities in the areas of improving Aboriginal prisoner health and reducing recidivism was held by the Cooperative Research Centre for Aboriginal Health in November 2007. It aimed to bring together community representatives, correction staff (policy, program, management and custodial staff), community-based service providers, health and government representatives, researchers and advocates in order to: identify priority areas for research and evaluation that specifically assist with improving Aboriginal prisoner health and wellbeing, and mechanisms to reduce recidivism; advocate and support research collaborations that will improve the health of Aboriginal and Torres Strait islander prison inmates; and share information about best practice (knowledge exchange). This document represents the intersection of considered views of people working with Aboriginal prisoners or juveniles who participated in the roundtable and who need high-quality and rigorous research and evidence to inform their decision making in regard to the development and/or implementation of policy, programs and interventions to improve health and reduce recidivism. As such, this document is designed as a research framework that reflects the common priorities identified across community, government and institutional viewpoints at a specific point in time. This research framework, and the priorities identified within it, should be used to guide the choices made by research funding agencies, research institutions, governments and students to take up research that will directly address the priorities identified.