After a trial of several years, criminal infringement notices were introduced to all police operations in NSW in November 2007. The notices provide police with an easy, additional way to deal with minor incidents of offensive conduct, offensive language and larceny/shoplifting. The report finds that the scheme is increasing the number of Aboriginal people being caught up in the fines system, many of whom have accumulated significant fine debts. In addition, the imposition of driving sanctions in response to unpaid penalties appears to have increased the risk of secondary offending by Aboriginal people, particularly young recipients who make up the majority of recipients. Recommendations cover all aspects of the new system, including the establishment of a monitoring program.