This report draws upon the latest available data to provide a contemporary perspective of the health and welfare of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, presenting a statistical picture of health and welfare in terms of determinants, outcomes and interventions. By presenting the Indigenous issues in the context of non-Indigenous Australians, the report outlines the gap between the two populations, and also helps to establish various factors that can be addressed to reduce Indigenous disadvantage. Where possible, differences within the Indigenous population and trends over time are also described.